A gestão de uma microempresa educativa : o quotidiano do gestor e as estratégias da comunicação externa

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Administração Educacional), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2011O relatório de estágio “A gestão de uma microempresa educativa: o quotidiano do gestor e as estratégias da comunicação externa”, aborda a questão da comunicação organizacional numa empresa de estrutura simples enquanto parte relevante do trabalho do quotidiano do gestor. Mais concretamente, o relatório tenta compreende os processos e as ferramentas de comunicação atendo aos seus contributos quer para a melhoria da relação estabelecida entre a organização e os seu meio externo, quer para a melhoria da qualidade do trabalho do gestor. O relatório contém três grandes componentes de descrição e análise da experiência vivida pela estagiária: (a) caracterização da organização e do trabalho do seu principal gestor; (b) as actividades que desenvolveu, discutidas à luz dos referenciais da administração educacional; (c) “projecto de intervenção” – pequeno estudo desenvolvido em torno de três eixos de análise: formas de comunicação organizacional da empresa; representações e perspectivas do gestor em relação à gestão da comunicação de marketing da empresa; estratégias de comunicação de marketing. Para a elaboração das descrições e análises que compõem este relatório foram utilizadas metodologias diversas: entrevistas, para a caracterização do ambiente externo e da comunicação organizacional da empresa; observação, para a caracterização do trabalho do gestor e dos papéis desempenhados por este; pesquisa documental, como suporte à clarificação de conceitos, à concretização de análise SWOT, e ainda ao aprofundamento da temática das estratégias e ferramentas comunicacionais. O relatório descreve os desafios que a gestão da comunicação coloca a uma microempresa que intervém no sector dos serviços educativos, tecendo considerações a respeito da importância do processo de gestão da comunicação de marketing, enquanto tarefa fundamental do trabalho do gestor, no estabelecimento da relação com o meio externo, levando à obtenção de sucesso e à sobrevivência da organização.The probation report "The management of a microenterprise education: the daily life of the manager and external communication strategies," addresses the issue of organizational communication in a company of simple structure as a relevant part of the everyday work of the manager. More specifically, the report attempts to understand the processes and communication tools to attend either their contributions to the improvement of the relationship between the organization and its external environment, either to improve the quality of the manager's work. The report contains three major components of the description and analysis of the lived experience of the trainee: (a) characterization of the organization and the work of its principal manager, (b) activities that developed, discussed in the light of the benchmarks of educational administration, (c) "project area" - small study developed around three axes of analysis: company organizational communication forms, company manager representations and perspectives for the management marketing communications, marketing communication strategies. For the development of descriptions and analysis that make up this report several methods were used: interviews, to characterize the external environment and company organizational communication; observation, to characterize the work of the manager and the roles played by him; documentary research, to support the clarification of concepts, the implementation of the SWOT analysis, and also the deepening of the thematic strategies and communication tools. The report describes the challenges that the management of communication places to a micro-enterprise involved in educational services sector, with considerations about the importance of the management process of marketing communication as a fundamental task of the manager's work in establishing the relationship with the external environment, leading to achieving success and survival of the organization

Expression of E-cadherin, P-cadherin and beta-catenin in canine malignant mammary tumours in relation to clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and survival

Cadherin-catenin complexes play a critical role in intercellular adhesion, and their altered expression has been implicated in tumour progression. In this study, the expression of E-cadherin, P-cadherin and beta-catenin was analysed in 65 canine malignant mammary tumours and correlated with clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and survival. Reduction in E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with increased tumour size, high histological and invasion grades, lymph node metastasis and high mitotic index. Reduced beta-catenin expression was associated with high histological and invasion grades. Anomalous expression of P-cadherin was only associated with invasion. In 39 cases for which follow-up data were available, reduced E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival and disease free survival. Abnormal expression of adhesion molecules is a common phenomenon in canine mammary malignant tumours and may play a central role in tumour progression.This work was supported by the Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV) – University of Trás os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal and by Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Project POCTI/CVT/57795/2004

Área funerária romana em Évora: dos restos ósseos aos rituais funerários

Após intervenção parcial numa área funerária romana (datada entre os sécs. I e II d.C.), identificada em Évora, foi analisado em laboratório o conteúdo osteológico e odontológico de 11 estruturas funerárias de cremação e uma de inumação. Cruzando os resultados da análise antropológica com o espólio arqueológico associado foram obtidas informações em torno dos rituais funerários, nomeadamente os associados à cremação, e traçado o perfil biológico dos indivíduos. Verificou-se uma alta variabilidade na construção e utilização das estruturas funerárias, quer na tipologia das mesmas, quer no processamento pós-crematório, fenómeno comum em áreas funerárias romanas de Hispania, tal como no restante espaço do Império romano. Não foi identificada qualquer relação entre o tipo de estruturas, as oferendas e a distribuição etária e sexual presente. No entanto, foi possível observar, na área intervencionada, a tendência para a utilização de graus de combustão elevados, a aplicação da cremação exclusivamente a cadáveres e não a esqueletos e a forte presença de não adultos, a maioria com menos de um ano de vida (5/10). Este último facto, se se estendesse a toda a área funerária, poderia indicar uma alta mortalidade infantil na época, e surpreende pela conservação de restos de indivíduos muito jovens, face à fragilidade dos seus ossos

P-cadherin overexpression Is an indicator of clinical outcome in invasive breast carcinomas and is associated with CDH3 promoter hypomethylation

Purpose: P-cadherin overexpressionhas been reported in breast carcinomas,where itwas associated with proliferative high-grade histological tumors. This study aimed to analyze P-cadherin expression in invasive breast cancer and to correlate it with tumor markers, pathologic features, and patient survival. Another purpose was to evaluate the P-cadherin promoter methylation pattern as the molecularmechanismunderlying this gene regulation. Experimental Design: Using a series of invasive breast carcinomas, P-cadherin expressionwas evaluated and correlated with histologic grade, estrogen receptor, MIB-1, and p53 and c-erbB-2 expression. In order to assess whether P-cadherin expression was associated with changes in CDH3 promoter methylation, we studied the methylation status of a gene 5V-flanking region in these same carcinomas.This analysis was also done for normal tissue and for a breast cancer cell line treatedwith a demethylating agent. Results: P-cadherinexpression showeda strong correlationwithhighhistologic grade, increased proliferation, c-erbB-2 and p53 expression, lack of estrogen receptor, and poor patient survival. This overexpressioncanbe regulatedby gene promotermethylationbecause the 5-Aza-2V-deoxycytidine treatment ofMCF-7/AZ cells increased P-cadherinmRNA and proteinlevels. Additionally, we found that 71% of P- adherin-negative cases showed promoter methylation,whereas 65% of positive ones were unmethylated (P = 0.005). The normal P-cadherin-negative breast epithelial cells showed consistent CDH3 promotermethylation. Conclusions: P-cadherin expressionwas strongly associatedwith tumor aggressiveness, being a good indicator of clinical outcome. Moreover, the aberrant expression of P-cadherin in breast cancermight be regulated by gene promoter hypomethylation

P-cadherin expression in glandular lesions of the uterine cervix detected by liquid-based cytology

Objective: To study P-cadherin aberrant expression as a possible marker for cervical adenocarcinomas in cytological samples. Methods: We studied P-cadherin immunoexpression in liquid-based cervical cytology samples of biopsy-proven cervical lesions. Results: We found a statistically significant correlation between P-cadherin expression and a cytological diagnosis of malignancy, either glandular or squamous (P < 0.0001). Twenty-two of 33 malignant cases showed P-cadherin membrane staining. None of the 30 benign cases tested showed membrane staining, but three of them displayed an aberrant nuclear P-cadherin expression. Conclusions: We concluded that P-cadherin can be used to discriminate between malignant and benign cervical cytological specimens, but not to discriminate glandular from squamous lesions

Novel and classic myoepithelial/stem cell markers in metaplastic carcinomas of the breast

Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast (MCBs) are unusual neoplasms characterized by an admixture of glandular epithelial components, which frequently exhibit features of squamous differentiation, and mesenchymal malignant components. Regardless of the presence of myoepithelial features in MCB, no consensus concerning their putative histogenesis has yet been achieved. Recently, novel putative myoepithelial markers have been developed, including p63, maspin, and P-cadherin. We assessed the expression of these myoepithelial markers in MCBs and compared their expression with classic myoepithelial markers. Immunohistochemistry using the streptavidin– biotin–peroxidase complex technique with antibodies raised against p63, maspin, P-cadherin, actin (clones CGA7, 1A4 and HHF35), cytokeratin 14 (Ck14), and vimentin was performed on 16 MCBs (7 matrix-producing MCBs, 6 adenosquamous MCBs, and 3 MCBs with heterologous elements). In healthy breast lobules and ducts adjacent to the tumors, myoepithelial cells showed distinctive and consistent immunoreactivity for p63, maspin, P-cadherin, actin, S-100 protein, and Ck14. Matrix- producing MCBs were positive for maspin in all cases, for p63 in 4 of 7 cases, and for P-cadherin in 4 of 7 cases. Adenosquamous MCB showed immunoreactivity for p63, maspin, and P-cadherin in 5 of 6 cases. All novel myoepithelial markers and Ck14 decorated squamous cell islands. MCBs with heterologous elements were positive for p63 in 1 case, for maspin in all 3 cases, and for P-cadherin in 2 cases. All cases showed at least one of the novel myoepithelial markers. Eleven of 16 cases were positive for actin. Eleven of 14 cases reacted with Ck14, and all cases that stained for S-100 protein (9 of 9) and vimentin (13 of 13) were also positive. Based on our findings, the balance of probabilities favors that MCBs may have a basal or myoepithelial cell histogenesis and differentiation.Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT) - SFRH/BD/5386/2001